At present circumpolar regions, to include Northern Eurasia, Japan and North America, are experiencing dramatic environmental, political and economic changes, as well as major cultural changes. Our objectives are to comparatively research the ethnic, cultural and linguistic dynamics at play in the circumpolar regions, so as to (1) shed light on the current situation regarding ethnicity and identity among the northern ethnic groups and (2) explain twenty-first century issues regarding the coexistence and mutual understanding among diverse cultures from an ethnological perspective.